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Modulibacteria(Moduliflexota) is a bacterial phylum formerly known as KS3B3 or GN06. It is a candidate phylum, meaning there are no cultured representatives of this group. Members of the Modulibacteria phylum are known to cause fatal filament overgrowth (bulking) in high-rate industrial anaerobic wastewater treatment bioreactors.

The Modulibacteria phylum was first proposed in 2006 by two independent research groups based on analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. One group recovered Modulibacteria sequences from the a hypersaline microbial mat from Guerrero Negro (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and used the provisional name GN06 for the novel phylum, while the other recovered sequences from sulfur-rich black mud marine sediments (CA, USA) and used the provisional name KSB3.

The first genomic insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed. Two genomes were recovered from methanogenic sludge samples of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic wastewater discharged from a food-processing factory.

Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that the two studied Modulibacteria species (Moduliflexus flocculans and Vecturithrix granuli) produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria.

Members of the Modulibacteria phylum have been detected in a variety of environments in addition to bioreactors and hypersaline mats, such as wetland sediments (FJ516883.1), the dolphin mouth, and a tubeworm from a coldseep (FM165273).

Taxonomy

The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al. 2015 and phylogeny by GTDB 08-RS214

• Class "Moduliflexia" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
  • Order "Moduliflexales" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
    • Family "Moduliflexaceae" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
      • Genus "Candidatus Moduliflexus" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
        • Species "Ca. M. flocculans" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
      • Genus "Candidatus Vecturithrix" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
        • Species "Ca. V. granuli" Sekiguchi et al. 2015

See also

• List of bacteria genera
• List of bacterial orders

References

1. Yamada, Takeshi; Yamauchi, Toshihiro; Shiraishi, Koji; Hugenholtz, Philip; Ohashi, Akiyoshi; Harada, Hideki; Kamagata, Yoichi; Nakamura, Kazunori; Sekiguchi, Yuji (2007-05-31). "Characterization of filamentous bacteria, belonging to candidate phylum KSB3, that are associated with bulking in methanogenic granular sludges". The ISME Journal. 1 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.28. ISSN 1751-7362. PMID 18043635. S2CID 5077407.
2. Yamada, Takeshi; Kikuchi, Kae; Yamauchi, Toshihiro; Shiraishi, Koji; Ito, Tsukasa; Okabe, Satoshi; Hiraishi, Akira; Ohashi, Akiyoshi; Harada, Hideki; Kamagata, Yoichi; Nakamura, Kazunori (2011-01-21). "Ecophysiology of Uncultured Filamentous Anaerobes Belonging to the Phylum KSB3 That Cause Bulking in Methanogenic Granular Sludge". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (6): 2081–2087. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.2081Y. doi:10.1128/aem.02475-10. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 3067334. PMID 21257808.
3. Ley, Ruth E.; Harris, J. Kirk; Wilcox, Joshua; Spear, John R.; Miller, Scott R.; Bebout, Brad M.; Maresca, Julia A.; Bryant, Donald A.; Sogin, Mitchell L.; Pace, Norman R. (2006-05-01). "Unexpected Diversity and Complexity of the Guerrero Negro Hypersaline Microbial Mat". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (5): 3685–3695. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72.3685L. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.5.3685-3695.2006. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1472358. PMID 16672518.
4. Tanner, Michael (2006). "Complex Microbial Communities Inhabiting Sulfide-rich Black Mud from Marine Coastal Environments". Biotechnology et Alia. 8: 1–16.
5. ^ Sekiguchi, Yuji; Ohashi, Akiko; Parks, Donovan H.; Yamauchi, Toshihiro; Tyson, Gene W.; Hugenholtz, Philip (2015-01-27). "First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking". PeerJ. 3: e740. doi:10.7717/peerj.740. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4312070. PMID 25650158.
6. Bik, Elisabeth M.; Costello, Elizabeth K.; Switzer, Alexandra D.; Callahan, Benjamin J.; Holmes, Susan P.; Wells, Randall S.; Carlin, Kevin P.; Jensen, Eric D.; Venn-Watson, Stephanie; Relman, David A. (2016-02-03). "Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 10516. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710516B. doi:10.1038/ncomms10516. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4742810. PMID 26839246.
7. Dudek, Natasha K.; Sun, Christine L.; Burstein, David; Kantor, Rose S.; Aliaga Goltsman, Daniela S.; Bik, Elisabeth M.; Thomas, Brian C.; Banfield, Jillian F.; Relman, David A. (2017-12-18). "Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome". Current Biology. 27 (24): 3752–3762.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 29153320.
8. Euzéby JP. ""Modulibacteria"". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2016-03-20.
9. "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
10. "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
11. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
12. Sayers. "Moduliflexus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
13. Sayers. "Vecturithrix". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.

• Bacteria phyla
• Candidatus taxa