| Onisaburo Deguchi | |
|---|---|
| 出口 王仁三郎 | |
 | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | Kisaburō Ueda (上田 喜三郎) (1871-08-21)21 August 1871 Tanba Province |
| Died | 19 January 1948(1948-01-19) (aged 76) |
| Spouse | Sumi Deguchi |
| Children | Naohi Deguchi |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Oomoto |
Onisaburo Deguchi (出口 王仁三郎, Deguchi Onisaburō), born Kisaburō Ueda 上田 喜三郎 (1871–1948), is considered one of the two spiritual leaders of the Oomoto religious movement in Japan.
Biography
Onisaburo had studied Honda Chikaatsu [ja]'s Spirit Studies (Honda Reigaku), he also learned to mediate spirit possession (chinkon kishin) from Honda's disciple Nagasawa Katsutate in Shizuoka. Starting from March 1, 1898, he followed a hermit called Matsuoka Fuyō (松岡芙蓉), who was a messenger of the kami Kono-hana-saku-ya-hime-no-mikoto (木花咲耶姫命), to a cave on Mount Takakuma near Kameoka, Kyoto, where Onisaburo performed intense ascetic training. While enduring cold weather with only a cotton robe, as well as hunger and thirst, Onisaburo received divine revelations and claimed to have traveled into the spirit world.
Onisaburo met the founder of Omotokyo in 1898 and in 1899 they established the Kinmeikai, later called Kinmei Reigakkai. In 1900 Kisaburō married Nao's fifth daughter Sumi and adopted the name Deguchi Onisaburō. Oomoto teaches that the guardian spirit of Nao is Amaterasu, described as a male spirit in a female body, and Onisaburo's spirit is Susanowo, a female spirit in a male body.
In 1908 he and Deguchi Nao founded the Dai Nihon Shūseikai (大日本修斎会), which in 1913 became Taihonkyō (大本教) and in 1916 the Kōdō Ōmoto (皇道大本). Soon afterwards, he began publishing a periodical journal called Shinreikai (神霊界; "World of Gods and Spirits"). In 1923, he learned Esperanto, an international planned language, and introduced it to the activities of Oomoto. In 1924, retired naval captain Yutaro Yano and his associates within the Black Dragon Society invited Onisaburo on a journey to Mongolia. Onisaburo led a group of Oomoto disciples, including Aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba. Ikki Kita had previously been sent to China by the Black Dragon Society and had proposed in for Esperanto to be the only language spoken in the Empire of Japan.
In 1925, he wrote Michi no shiori (道の栞) (lit. 'Guide to the Way').
In Ōmoto Incident, he had been detained for about six years and a half since his arrest in 1935.
He is remembered as a jovial patriarch of that school and is best known to Westerners as a teacher and religious instructor of Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido.
A believer in the Oomoto maxim that it was humanity's duty to move forward together, bringing about a new age of existence on Earth, Onisaburo went to great lengths to promote the syncretic faith preached by Nao Deguchi. He wrote the Reikai Monogatari (Tales of the Spirit World), an 81-volume work that covered his alleged travels into the spiritual planes of existence, as well as many other theologically permeated stories which expounded on numerous Oomoto spiritual ideals.
Onisaburo Deguchi also wrote numerous other texts, such as Michi no Oomoto (道の大本) and Tama no Ishizue (霊の礎).
Throughout his life, Onisaburo was often quite flamboyant, taking delight in wearing richly textured costumes of his own design and posing as a wide variety of deities, mostly Buddhist or Shinto. He would also dress like a shaman, and often even took up the appearances of female divinities. His outlook on life tended to be eclectic, sometimes even to the point of being outrageous. At varying points of his lifetime, he claimed to be an incarnation of Miroku Butsu (Sanskrit: Maitreya Buddha), and often referred to himself as a remodeler of the world.
Like most Oomoto followers, Onisaburo believed that the original kami founders of Japan, were driven away by the kami of the imperial line. This placed him in opposition to the authorities at the time, though he had the ability to hide it. This again differentiated him from Nao Deguchi, who was more open and direct in her proclamations. Onisaburo was quite talented in quieting the government officials while at the same time subverting their efforts that he found distasteful or amoral.
Onisaburo's legacy is largely concerned with art, including a wealth of calligraphic and poetic works. He also dabbled in cinema, sculpture, and pottery, leaving behind thousands of items that are now considered by many enthusiasts to be of great value. Onisaburo is known for the coining the proverb "Art is the mother of religion" (芸術は宗教の母, geijutsu wa shūkyō no haha).
Sacred sites
Some Oomoto sacred sites associated with Onisaburo Deguchi includeL
- The Cave of Onisaburo Deguchi on Mount Takakuma, where Onisaburo entered the spirit world during his asceticism there during the first half of 1898. Today, Oomoto followers organize monthly pilgrimages to the cave.
- Zuisen-en (瑞泉苑), the historic site of Onisaburo's birth home in Anao, Kameoka. The site was destroyed during the Oomoto Incident but was rebuilt shortly after the end of World War II. It is located next to Kongo-ji (金剛寺) in Anao.
References
- Roberts, Bill (2010-05-20). "Frequently Asked Questions About Oomoto". 大本公式サイト/ Oomoto Official Site. Retrieved 2025-01-28.
- "高熊山｜オニペディア". 出口王仁三郎と霊界物語の大百科事典 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2025-01-29.
- 松本健一 『出口王仁三郎 屹立するカリスマ』 リブロポート、1986年12月。ISBN 4-8457-0244-4。114-116
- ^ Stalker, Nancy K. (2018). "4: Ōmoto". Handbook of East Asian New Religious Movements. Brill. p. 52–67. doi:10.1163/9789004362970_005. ISBN 978-90-04-36297-0.
- ^ "聖地高熊山岩窟アクセスルート Standard access route to the sacred Takakumayama cave". YamatoGeographer (in Japanese). 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
- "Takakumayama 高熊山" (PDF). Oomoto Iroha 大本いろは (in Japanese). Vol. 45. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
Further reading
- Stalker, Nancy K. (2008). Prophet motive: Deguchi Onisaburō, Oomoto, and the rise of new religions in Imperial Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 1–280. ISBN 978-0-8248-3226-1. JSTOR j.ctt6wqcd8.
- Emily Groszos Ooms, Women and Millenarian Protest in Meiji Japan: Deguchi Nao and Omotokyo, Cornell Univ East Asia Program, 1993, ISBN 978-0-939657-61-2
- The Great Onisaburo Deguchi, by Kyotaro Deguchi, translated by Charles Rowe, ISBN 4-900586-54-4
- Murakami Shigeyoshi. Japanese Religion in the Modern Century. Translated by H. Byron Earhart. Tokyo, 1980. Originally published as Kindai hyakunen no shukyo. ISBN 978-0-86008-260-6
- Staemmler, Birgit (2009). Chinkon kishin mediated spirit possession in Japanese new religions. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-8258-6899-4. OCLC 391386033.
External links
- The Moon of Onisaburo Deguchi (出口王仁三郎の月), an English-language website dedicated to Onisaburo Deguchi and his works
- Reading "The Great Onisaburo Deguchi" by Ruth Reiser
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