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Persian calligraphy or Iranian calligraphy (Persian: خوشنِویسیِ ایرانی, romanized: Xošnevisi-ye Irani) is the calligraphy of the Persian language. It is one of the most revered arts throughout the history of Iran.

History

After the introduction of Islam in the 7th century, Persians adapted the Arabic alphabet to Persian and developed the contemporary Persian alphabet. The Arabic alphabet has 28 characters. An additional four letters were added by Iranians, which resulted in the 32 letters currently present in the Persian alphabet.

Around one thousand years ago, Ibn Muqlah (Persian: ابنِ مقله بيضاوی شيرازی) and his brother created six genres of Iranian calligraphy, namely "Mohaqiq", "Reyhan", "Sols", "Naskh", "Toqi" and "Reqa". These genres were common for four centuries in Persia. In the 7th century (Hijri calendar), Hassan Farsi Kateb combined the "Naskh" and "Reqa" styles and invented a new genre of Persian calligraphy named "Ta'liq". In the 14th century, Mir Ali Tabrizi combined two major scripts of his time, i.e. Naskh and Taliq, and created a new Persian calligraphic style called "Nas’taliq". In the past 500 years Nastaʿlīq (also anglicized as Nastaleeq; Persian: نستعلیق nastaʿlīq) has been the predominant style for writing the Perso-Arabic script.

In the 17th century Morteza Gholi Khan Shamlou and Mohammad Shafi Heravi created a new genre called cursive Nastaʿlīq Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq (Persian: شکسته نستعلیق)). Almost a century later, Abdol-Majid Taleqani, who was a prominent artist at the time, brought this genre to its highest level. This calligraphic style is based on the same rules as Nas’taliq. However, cursive Nas’taliq has a few significant differences: it provides more flexible movements, and it is slightly more stretched and curved. Yadollah Kaboli is one of the most prominent contemporary calligraphers within this style.

• Folio of Poetry From the Divan of Sultan Husayn Mirza, c. 1490. Brooklyn Museum.
• Calligraphy of Persian poems on large pishtaq at the Agra Fort, India
• Chalipa panel, Mir Emad.
• Calligraphic composition by Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, a 16th-century master of Nasta'liq

Contemporary Persian calligraphy

In 1950, the Iran's Association of Calligraphers was founded by Hossein Mirkhani, Ali Akbar Kaveh, Ebrahim Bouzari, Hassan Mirkhani and Mehdi Baiani.

Modernist movement

Zendeh Roudi, Jalil Rasouli, Parviz Tanavoli, and Nima Behnoud use Persian calligraphy and Rumi poetry in dress designing.

Post modernism

Abol Atighetchi uses combination of colored naskh, suluth and kufic style calligraphy with large letters in a single large format acrylic painting for his work presentation and circles in gold leaf or simple color to decorate but in the Nastaligh style many colorful geometrical forms and lines are used to modernize the painting and the same technique is used to modernize the large format birds of bessmel (Persian: مرغ بسمل), all drawn with large letters. This style of work can be classified as post-modern.

Genres

• Nasta'liq script
• Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq (Cursive Nasta'liq)
• Naghashi-khat (Painting-Calligraphy combined)

Most notable figures

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• Mir Ali Tabrizi
• Mir Emad
• Gholam Hossein Amirkhani

See also

• Calligraphy
• Islamic calligraphy
• List of Persian calligraphers

References

1. ^ "History - Persian Calligraphy- All about Persian Calligraphy". persiancalligraphy.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2024-12-11.

External links

• Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī, Calligraphy, Encyclopaedia Iranica, at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy
• Brief history of Persian Calligraphy
• About history of Persian Calligraphy and its different styles
• Anthology of Iranian Masters of Calligraphy

v t e Islamic calligraphy
Styles	Arabic Hijazi Jeli Thuluth Kairouani Kufic Maghrebi Muhaqqaq Mashq Naskh Thuluth Ottoman Diwani Tawqi (Tevki) Ruq'ah Persian Nasta'liq Taʿlīq Others Sini
Objects	Arabic calligraffiti Arabic miniature Basmala Firman Hilya Islamic illuminated manuscript Mughal miniature Muraqqa Ottoman illumination Ottoman miniature Persian miniature Tughra Islamic zoomorphism
Calligraphers	List of Ottoman calligraphers List of Persian calligraphers
Tools Techniques	Kasheeda Qalam Word heaping
Organizations	Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art Society of Iranian Calligraphists
Influences	Pseudo-Kufic
Part of Islamic arts

• Persian calligraphy
• Islamic calligraphy
• Iranian art
• Persian art