| Molgula | |
|---|---|
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| Molgula oculata; a) branchial orifice; b) atrial orifice | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Tunicata |
| Class: | Ascidiacea |
| Order: | Stolidobranchia |
| Family: | Molgulidae |
| Genus: | Molgula |
| Synonyms | |
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Molgula, or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.
They are translucent with two protruding siphons. They are found subtidally, attached to slow-moving submerged objects or organisms. All species of Molgula have a fluid-filled structure called the renal sac. The renal sac contains nitrogenous wastes, solid concretions composed of weddellite and calcite, and an apicomplexan symbiont called Nephromyces.
In the western Atlantic Ocean, they range from the Arctic to North Carolina, to the center of the United States Eastern Seaboard.
Species
- Molgula aidae Oka, 1914
- Molgula amesophleba (Codreanu & Mack-Fira, 1956)
- Molgula antiborealis Millar, 1967
- Molgula appendiculata Heller, 1877
- Molgula arenata Stimpson, 1852
- Molgula bacca (Herdman, 1910)
- Molgula bathybia (Hartmeyer, 1912)
- Molgula bisinus Monniot, 1989
- Molgula bleizi (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
- Molgula bourbonis Monniot, 1994
- Molgula braziliensis Millar, 1958
- Molgula brieni Monniot & Monniot, 1976
- Molgula calvata Sluiter, 1904
- Molgula caminae Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
- Molgula celata (Michaelsen, 1914)
- Molgula celebensis Millar, 1975
- Molgula celtica Monniot, C., 1970
- Molgula citrina Alder & Hancock, 1848
- Molgula coactilis Monniot & Monniot, 1977
- Molgula complanata Alder & Hancock, 1870
- Molgula conchata Sluiter, 1898
- Molgula confluxa (Sluiter, 1912)
- Molgula contorta Sluiter, 1898
- Molgula cooperi (Huntsman, 1912)
- Molgula crinita Sluiter, 1904
- Molgula crustosa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
- Molgula cryptica Millar, 1962
- Molgula cynthiaeformis Hartmeyer, 1903
- Molgula davidi Monniot, 1972
- Molgula delicata Monniot & Monniot, 1991
- Molgula dextrocarpa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974
- Molgula diaguita Monniot & Andrade, 1983
- Molgula dicosta Millar, 1988
- Molgula dione (Savigny, 1816)
- Molgula discogona Millar, 1975
- Molgula diversa Kott, 1972
- Molgula dolichentera Millar, 1960
- Molgula ellistoni Kott, 1972
- Molgula elva Kott, 2008
- Molgula enodis (Sluiter, 1912)
- Molgula eobia Redikorzev, 1941
- Molgula estadosi Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- Molgula eugyroides Traustedt, 1883
- Molgula euplicata Herdman, 1923
- Molgula euprocta Drasche, 1884
- Molgula falsensis Millar, 1955
- Molgula ficus (Macdonald, 1859)
- Molgula flagrifera Sluiter, 1904
- Molgula fortuita Monniot & Monniot, 1984
- Molgula georgiana Michaelsen, 1922
- Molgula gigantea (Cunningham, 1871)
- Molgula griffithsii (MacLeay, 1825)
- Molgula habanensis Van Name, 1945
- Molgula hartmeyeri Oka, 1914
- Molgula helleri Drasche, 1884
- Molgula herdmani Brewin, 1958
- Molgula hirta Monniot F. 1965
- Molgula hodgsoni Herdman, 1910
- Molgula hozawai Oka, 1932
- Molgula impura Heller, 1877
- Molgula incidata Kott, 1985
- Molgula japonica Hartmeyer, 1906
- Molgula karubari Monniot & Monniot, 2003
- Molgula kerguelenensis Kott, 1954
- Molgula kiaeri Hartmeyer, 1901
- Molgula kolaensis Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1928
- Molgula kophameli Michaelsen, 1900
- Molgula lapidifera Redikorzev, 1941
- Molgula longipedata Sluiter, 1904
- Molgula longitubis Monniot, 2002
- Molgula longivascula Millar, 1982
- Molgula lutulenta Herdman, 1923
- Molgula macquariensis Kott, 1954
- Molgula malvinensis Arnback, 1938
- Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843)
- Molgula marioni Millar, 1960
- Molgula millari Kott, 1971
- Molgula mira (Ärnbäck, 1931)
- Molgula mollis Herdman, 1899
- Molgula monodi Peres, 1949
- Molgula mortenseni (Michaelsen, 1922)
- Molgula napiformis Lambert, 1993
- Molgula novaeselandiae (Michaelsen, 1912)
- Molgula occidentalis Traustedt, 1883
- Molgula occulta Kupffer, 1875
- Molgula oculata Forbes, 1848
- Molgula oligostriata Tokioka, 1949
- Molgula oregonia Ritter, 1913
- Molgula pacifica (Huntsman, 1912)
- Molgula pedunculata Herdman, 1881
- Molgula phytophila Monniot, 1970
- Molgula pigafettae Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- Molgula pila Monniot & Monniot, 1985
- Molgula plana Monniot, C., 1971
- Molgula platana Van Name, 1945
- Molgula platei Hartmeyer, 1914
- Molgula platybranchia (Monniot, 1970)
- Molgula primitiva Redikorzev, 1941
- Molgula provisionalis Van Name, 1945
- Molgula pugetiensis Herdman, 1898
- Molgula pulchra Michaelsen, 1900
- Molgula pumila Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1976
- Molgula pyriformis Herdman, 1881
- Molgula redikorzevi Oka, 1914
- Molgula regularis Ritter, 1907
- Molgula retortiformis Verrill, 1871
- Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956)
- Molgula riddlei F. Monniot, 2011
- Molgula ridgewayi (Herdman, 1906)
- Molgula rima Kott, 1972
- Molgula robini Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- Molgula robusta (Van Name, 1912)
- Molgula romeri Hartmeyer, 1903
- Molgula rotunda Oka, 1914
- Molgula roulei Monniot C., 1969
- Molgula sabulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
- Molgula salvadori Monniot, 1970
- Molgula satyrus Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1993
- Molgula scutata Millar, 1955
- Molgula setigera Arnback, 1938
- Molgula shimodensis Nishikawa, 1982
- Molgula simplex Alder & Hancock, 1870
- Molgula siphonalis Kiaer, 1896
- Molgula siphonata Alder, 1850
- Molgula sluiteri (Michaelsen, 1922)
- Molgula socialis Alder, 1863
- Molgula solenata (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
- Molgula somaliensis Millar, 1988
- Molgula sphaera Kott, 1972
- Molgula spiralis Kott, 1954
- Molgula susana Monniot & Monniot, 1976
- Molgula tagi Michaelsen, 1923
- Molgula taprobane Herdman, 1906
- Molgula tectiformis Nishikawa, 1991
- Molgula tethys Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1974
- Molgula topata Monniot & Monniot, 1987
- Molgula tubifera (Orstedt, 1844)
- Molgula tzetlini Sanamyan, 1993
- Molgula undulata (Tokioka, 1949)
- Molgula vara Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1979
- Molgula variazizi Monniot, 1978
- Molgula verrilli (Van Name, 1912)
- Molgula verrucifera Ritter & Forsyth, 1917
- Molgula xenophora Oka, 1914
References
- ^ Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira Da Rocha, Billie J. Swalla, Xavier Turon (2012) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=103509 on 2012-02-26
- Van Name, Willard Gibbs (1945). "The North and South American ascidians". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 84. hdl:2246/1186.
- Saffo, Mary Beth; Lowenstam, Heinz A. (1978-06-09). "Calcareous Deposits in the Renal Sac of a Molgulid Tunicate". Science. 200 (4346): 1166–1168. doi:10.1126/science.200.4346.1166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17745108. S2CID 33253067.
- "Malaria, Sea Grapes, and Kidney Stones: A Tale of Parasites Lost - The Loom". The Loom. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
- Andrew J. Martinez (2003). Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England. Aqua Quest Publications. ISBN 9781881652328. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
Further reading
- Howson, C. M.; Picton, B. E. (Ed.) (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. ISBN 0-948150-06-8. vi, 508 (+ cd-rom) pp.
- Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidiacea & Sorberacea, in: Costello, M. J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 352–355
- Sanamyan, K. (2007). Database of extant Ascidiacea. Version of 2 November 2007
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Molgula | |