Misplaced Pages

List of supernova candidates

Article snapshot taken from[REDACTED] with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.

Map showing various supernova candidates, most of which are within one kiloparsec from the Solar System.

This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that are believed to soon become supernovae. Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 8~10 solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica, Gamma Velorum, Mu Cephei, and members of the Quintuplet Cluster. Type Ia supernova progenitors are white dwarf stars that are close to the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses and are accreting matter from a binary companion star.

The list includes massive Wolf–Rayet stars, which may become Type Ib/Ic supernovae, particularly oxygen-sequence (Wolf-Rayet WO) stars. As of 2023, most of these candidates are in the Milky Way galaxy, however five oxygen-sequence Wolf-Rayet stars are also known in other galaxies.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Identifier Epoch J2000 Constellation Distance

(light years)

Spectral

class

Evolutionary stage Possible supernova

type

Notes
R. A. Dec.
IK Pegasi 21 26 26.7 +19° 22′ 32″ Pegasus 154.4±1.0 A8m:/DA White dwarf Ia
Spica 13 25 11.6 −11° 09′ 40.8″ Virgo 250+14
−13 		B1 Subgiant
Acrux 12 26 35.9 –63° 05′ 56″ Crux 320±20 B0.5 IV Main sequence (blue dwarf) II
Alpha-2 Crucis 12 26 36.4 –63° 05′ 58″ Crux 320±20 B1 V Main sequence (blue dwarf) II
Zeta Ophiuchi 16 37 09.5 −10° 34′ 02″ Ophiuchus 365±6.52 O9.5V Main sequence (blue dwarf)
Betelgeuse 05 55 10.3 +07° 24′ 25″ Orion ~400–500 M2Iab Red supergiant IIP
Alpha Lupi 14 41 55.8 –47° 23′ 17″ Lupus 465+12
−11 		B1.5 Blue giant II
Antares 16 29 24.5 –26° 25′ 55″ Scorpius 554+113
−80 		M1.5Iab-b Red supergiant IIP
Pi Puppis 07 17 08.6 –37° 05′ 51″ Puppis 807+72
−61 		K3 Ib Red supergiant II?
S Monocerotis A 06 40 58.7 +09° 53′ 44″ Monoceros 920+150
−110 		O7V Main sequence (blue dwarf) II
S Monocerotis B 06 40 58.7 +09° 53′ 44″ Monoceros 920+150
−110 		O9.5V Main sequence (blue dwarf) II
Rigel 05 14 32.3 –08° 12′ 06″ Orion 1118+30
−28 		B8Ia Blue supergiant IIn(pec?)
Gamma Velorum 08 09 32.0 −47° 20′ 12″ Vela 1120+130
−100 		WC8 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
Alnitak 05 40 45.5 −01° 56′ 34.3″ Orion 1260±180 O9.5Iab Blue supergiant
119 Tauri 05 32 12.8 +18° 35′ 40″ Taurus 1790+300
−220 		M2Iab-Ib Red supergiant IIb
Deneb 20 41 25.9 +45° 16′ 49″ Cygnus 2615±215 A2la Blue supergiant IIL
T Coronae Borealis 15 59 30.2 +25° 55′ 13″ Corona Borealis 2690+110
−100 		M3III/D White dwarf Ia
KPD 1930+2752 19 32 14.9 +27° 58′ 35″ Cygnus 2860+130
−120 		sdB/D White dwarf Ia
Mu Cephei 21 43 30.5 +58° 46′ 48″ Cepheus 3060+456
−130 		M2Ia Red hypergiant IIn/IIb
Rho Cassiopeiae 23 54 23.0 +57° 29′ 58″ Cassiopeia 3440+930
−610 		G2Ia0e Yellow hypergiant IIL
VY Canis Majoris 07 22 58.3 −25° 46′ 03″ Canis Major 3930+420
−350 		M5eIa Red hypergiant II
IRAS 17163-3907 17 19 49.3 −39° 10′ 37.9″ Scorpius 3930+990
−660 		late B/early A Yellow hypergiant II
Wray 17-96 17 41 35.4 –30° 06′ 39″ Scorpius 3940+1110
−710 		B3 Luminous blue variable
VV Cephei A 21 56 39.1 +63° 37′ 32″ Cepheus 4900 M2Iab Red hypergiant
Mu Sagittarii 18 13 14.8 –21° 03′ 32″ Sagittarius 5100 B8Iap Blue supergiant
P Cygni 20 17 47.2 +38° 01′ 59″ Cygnus 5250±590 B1Ia+ Luminous blue variable IIb
HD 168625 18 21 19.5 −16° 22′ 26″ Sagittarius 5250+600
−490 		B6Ia Luminous blue variable II
NML Cygni 20 46 25.6 +40° 06′ 59.4″ Cygnus 5250+420
−360 		M6I Red hypergiant II
IRC +10420 19 26 48.1 +11° 21′ 17″ Aquila 5600+2200
−1200 		F8Ia+ Yellow hypergiant IIb
WR 142 20 21 44.3 +37° 22′ 31″ Cygnus 5670+290
−270 		WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
WR 136 20 12 06.5 +38° 21′ 18″ Cygnus 6700+500
−430 		WN6(h)-s Wolf–Rayet star Ic
RS Ophiuchi 17 50 13.2 –06° 42′ 28″ Ophiuchus 7380+1000
−790 		M2III/D White dwarf Ia
Eta Carinae 10 45 03.6 −59° 41′ 04″ Carina 8630+69
−68 		LBV/O Luminous blue variable Ib
WR 93b 17 32 03.3 −35° 04′ 32″ Scorpius 8700+1900
−1300 		WO3 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
WR 102 17 45 47.5 −26° 10′ 27″ Sagittarius 9410+840
−710 		WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
HD 179821 19 13 58.6 +00° 07′ 32″ Aquila 10500+2100
−1500 		G5Ia Yellow hypergiant IIL
T Pyxidis 09 04 41.5 −32° 22′ 48″ Pyxis 10700+1700
−1300 		White dwarf Ia
WR 104 18 02 04.1 –23° 37′ 41″ Sagittarius 13400+9200
−3900 		WC9d/OB Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic with Grb?
V445 Puppis 07 37 56.9 –25° 56′ 59″ Puppis 16000+5200
−4600 		White dwarf Ia
WR 30a 10 51 38.9 −60° 56′ 35.2″ Carina 38900+18500
−9500 		WO4/O5((f)) Wolf–Rayet star
Sher 25 11 15 07.8 −61° 15′ 17″ Carina 43500+5200
−4200 		B1.5Iab Blue supergiant
U Scorpii 16 22 30.7 –17° 52′ 42″ Scorpius 63900+68500
−17300 		White dwarf Ia
LMC195-1 05 18 10.3 −69° 13′ 03″ Dorado 160000 WO2 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic
S Doradus 05 18 14.4 −69° 15′ 01″ Dorado 169000 LBV Luminous blue variable
SMC AB8 01 31 04.1 −73° 25′ 04″ Hydrus 200000 WO4/O4 Wolf–Rayet star Ib/Ic

Notes

  1. The Kitt Peak Downes star.

References

  1. ^ Mukhopadhyay, Mainak; Lunardini, Cecilia; Timmes, F. X.; Zuber, Kai (August 2020). "Presupernova Neutrinos: Directional Sensitivity and Prospects for Progenitor Identification". The Astrophysical Journal. 899 (2): 153. arXiv:2004.02045. Bibcode:2020ApJ...899..153M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a6. ISSN 0004-637X.
  2. ^ Kaler, James B., "Regor", Stars, University of Illinois, archived from the original on 2008-12-05, retrieved 2007-01-08
  3. Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04), Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted, space.com, retrieved 2007-01-08
  4. ^ Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.
  5. ^ van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. Vizier catalog entry
  6. ^ Firestone, R. B. (July 2014), "Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded <300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr", The Astrophysical Journal, 789 (1): 11, Bibcode:2014ApJ...789...29F, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29, 29. See Table 4, p. 10.
  7. ^ "Acrux (Alpha Crucis)". illinois.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  8. Neuhäuser, Ralph; Torres, Guillermo; Mugrauer, Markus; Neuhäuser, Dagmar L.; Chapman, Jesse; Luge, Daniela; Cosci, Matteo (2022-09-05). "Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (1): 693–719. arXiv:2207.04702. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1969. ISSN 0035-8711.
  9. ^ Smith, Nathan; Hinkle, Kenneth H.; Ryde, Nils (2009-03-01). "Red Supergiants as Potential Type IIn Supernova Progenitors: Spatially Resolved 4.6 μm CO Emission Around VY CMa and Betelgeuse". The Astronomical Journal. 137 (3): 3558–3573. arXiv:0811.3037. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3558S. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/3/3558. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 19019913.
  10. ^ Asakura, K.; Gando, A.; Gando, Y.; Hachiya, T.; Hayashida, S.; Ikeda, H.; Inoue, K.; Ishidoshiro, K.; Ishikawa, T.; Ishio, S.; Koga, M.; Matsuda, S.; Mitsui, T.; Motoki, D.; Nakamura, K. (February 2016). "KamLAND SENSITIVITY TO NEUTRINOS FROM PRE-SUPERNOVA STARS". The Astrophysical Journal. 818 (1): 91. arXiv:1506.01175. Bibcode:2016ApJ...818...91A. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/91. ISSN 0004-637X.
  11. Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (March 2012), "Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part I. The MOST High-precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring", The Astrophysical Journal, 747 (1): 108–115, arXiv:1201.0843, Bibcode:2012ApJ...747..108M, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108, S2CID 425831
  12. Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl; Hirschi, Raphael; Liebendörfer, Matthias; Diehl, Roland (2011), "Massive Stars and their Supernovae", Astronomy with Radioactivities, Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 812, pp. 153–231, arXiv:1008.2144, Bibcode:2011LNP...812..153T, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12698-7_4, ISBN 978-3-642-12697-0
  13. Berman, Bob (2023-04-10). "Alnitak: an exceptionally hot, blue star on Orion's Belt | Astronomy.com". Astronomy Magazine. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  14. "Recurrent Novae as a Progenitor System of Type Ia Supernovae. I. RS Ophiuchi Subclass: Systems with a Red Giant Companion - Abstract - The Astrophysical Journal - IOPscience". Iopscience.iop.org. 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
  15. Maxted, P. F. L.; Marsh, T. R.; North, R. C. (2000-09-21). "KPD 1930+2752: a candidate Type Ia supernova progenitor". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 317 (3): L41 – L44. arXiv:astro-ph/0007257. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.317L..41M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03856.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 11267384.
  16. Kanipe, Jeff (2000-08-05). "Skywatch—Watch This Space!". space.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  17. Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R (2020-01-20). "The 'red supergiant problem': the upper luminosity boundary of Type II supernova progenitors". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 493 (1): 468–476. arXiv:2001.06020. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa174. ISSN 0035-8711.
  18. Lloyd, Robin (2006-09-04). "Strange Space Pinwheels Spotted". space.com. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  19. "The William Herschel telescope finds the best candidate for a supernova explosion". Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council. 2003-01-31. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
  20. Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W. (January 2012). "Distance and Kinematics of the Red Hypergiant VY CMa: VLBA and VLA Astrometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 744 (1): 23. arXiv:1109.3036. Bibcode:2012ApJ...744...23Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/23.
  21. Weaver, Donna; Humphreys, Roberta (2007-01-08). "Astronomers Map a Hypergiant Star's Massive Outbursts". HubbleSite NewsCenter. Archived from the original on 2007-01-12. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  22. "'Fried Egg' Nebula Cracks Open Rare Hypergiant Star". Space.com. 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  23. Bauer, Wendy Hagen; Gull, Theodore R.; Bennett, Philip D. (2008-09-01). "Spatial Extension in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of Vv Cephei". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1312–1324. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1312H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1312. ISSN 0004-6256.
  24. Gaia Collaboration; Vallenari, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Arenou, F.; Babusiaux, C.; Biermann, M.; Creevey, O. L.; Ducourant, C.; Evans, D. W.; Eyer, L.; Guerra, R.; Hutton, A.; Jordi, C. (June 2023). "Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. ISSN 0004-6361.
  25. "Polis". stars.astro.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
  26. de Almeida, E S G; Hugbart, M; Domiciano de Souza, A; Rivet, J-P; Vakili, F; Siciak, A; Labeyrie, G; Garde, O; Matthews, N; Lai, O; Vernet, D; Kaiser, R; Guerin, W (2022-06-15). "Combined spectroscopy and intensity interferometry to determine the distances of the blue supergiants P Cygni and Rigel". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 515 (1): 1–12. arXiv:2204.00372. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1617. ISSN 0035-8711.
  27. Groh, Jose H.; Meynet, Georges; Ekström, Sylvia (February 2013). "Massive star evolution: Luminous Blue Variables as unexpected Supernova progenitors". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 550: L7. arXiv:1301.1519. Bibcode:2013A&A...550L...7G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220741. ISSN 0004-6361.
  28. Smith, Nathan (March 2007). "Discovery of a Nearby Twin of SN 1987A's Nebula around the Luminous Blue Variable HD 168625: Was Sk -69 202 an LBV?". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (3): 1034–1040. arXiv:astro-ph/0611544. Bibcode:2007AJ....133.1034S. doi:10.1086/510838. S2CID 17598600.
  29. Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W.; Brunthaler, A. (2012). "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A42. arXiv:1207.1850. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..42Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219587. S2CID 55509287.
  30. Monnier, J. D.; Millan-Gabet, R.; Tuthill, P. G.; Traub, W. A.; Carleton, N. P.; Coude Du Foresto, V.; Danchi, W. C.; Lacasse, M. G.; Morel, S.; Perrin, G.; Porro, I. L.; Schloerb, F. P.; Townes, C. H. (2004). "High-Resolution Imaging of Dust Shells by Using Keck Aperture Masking and the IOTA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal. 605 (1): 436–461. arXiv:astro-ph/0401363. Bibcode:2004ApJ...605..436M. doi:10.1086/382218. S2CID 7851916.
  31. Jones, Terry Jay; et al. (July 1993). "IRC +10420 - A cool hypergiant near the top of the H-R diagram". The Astrophysical Journal. 411 (1): 323. Bibcode:1993ApJ...411..323J. doi:10.1086/172832. ISSN 0004-637X.
  32. Than, Ker (2004-10-04). "Astronomers Demonstrate a Global Internet Telescope". University of Manchester. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  33. van Boekel, Roy; Schöller, Markus; Herbst, Tom (2003-11-18). "Biggest Star in Our Galaxy Sits within a Rugby-Ball Shaped Cocoon". European Southern Observatory Press Release. European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO): 31. Bibcode:2003eso..pres...36. Archived from the original on 2007-01-03. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  34. Milan, Wil (2000-03-07). "Possible Hypernova Could Affect Earth". space.com. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  35. Jura, M.; Velusamy, T.; Werner, M. W. (2001-06-05). "What next for the Likely Pre-Supernova, HD 179821?". American Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  36. Josselin, E.; Lèbre, A. (March 2001). "Probing the post-AGB nature of HD 179821: A new radio study of its circumstellar envelope". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 367 (3): 826–830. Bibcode:2001A&A...367..826J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000496. ISSN 0004-6361.
  37. Schaefer, Bradley E.; Pagnotta, Ashley; Shara, Michael M. (2010-01-01). "The Nova Shell and Evolution of the Recurrent Nova T Pyxidis". The Astrophysical Journal. 708 (1): 381–402. arXiv:0906.0933. Bibcode:2010ApJ...708..381S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/381. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 18807684.
  38. Edwards, Lin (2010). "Massive white dwarf in our galaxy may go supernova". PhysOrg. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  39. Tuthill, Peter G.; et al. (March 2008). "The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104". The Astrophysical Journal. 675 (1): 698–710. arXiv:0712.2111. Bibcode:2008ApJ...675..698T. doi:10.1086/527286. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119293391.
  40. Kaler, Jim (1999-04-09). "WR 104: Pinwheel Star". Astronomy Picture of the Day. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  41. Kato, Mariko; Hachisu, Izumi; Kiyota, Seiichiro; Saio, Hideyuki (2008-09-10). "Helium Nova on a Very Massive White Dwarf: A Revised Light-Curve Model of V445 Puppis (2000)". The Astrophysical Journal. 684 (2): 1366–1373. arXiv:0805.2540. Bibcode:2008ApJ...684.1366K. doi:10.1086/590329. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 18001230.
  42. Woudt, P. A.; et al. (2009-11-20). "The Expanding Bipolar Shell of the Helium Nova V445 Puppis". The Astrophysical Journal. 706 (1): 738–746. arXiv:0910.1069. Bibcode:2009ApJ...706..738W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/706/1/738. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 85461691.
  43. Smartt, S. J.; Lennon, D. J.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Rosales, F.; Ryans, R. S. I.; Wright, N. (September 2002). "The evolutionary status of Sher 25 – implications for blue supergiants and the progenitor of SN 1987A". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 391 (3): 979–991. arXiv:astro-ph/0205242. Bibcode:2002A&A...391..979S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020829. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 14933392.
  44. Schaefer, Bradley E. (2018-09-01). "The distances to Novae as seen by Gaia". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 481 (3): 3033–3051. arXiv:1809.00180. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2388.
  45. Thoroughgood, T. D.; Dhillon, V. S.; Littlefair, S. P.; Marsh, T. R.; Smith, D. A. (2001). "The Recurrent Nova U Scorpii - A Type Ia Supernova Progenitor". The Physics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects. Vol. 261. San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. arXiv:astro-ph/0109553. Bibcode:2002ASPC..261...77T.
  46. Kalari, V. M.; Vink, J. S.; Dufton, P. L.; Fraser, M. (2018-10-01). "How common is LBV S Doradus variability at low metallicity?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 618: A17. arXiv:1807.01309. Bibcode:2018A&A...618A..17K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833484. ISSN 0004-6361.
Categories:
List of supernova candidates Add topic