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Hermann Graf (24 October 1912 – 4 November 1988) was a German Luftwaffe World War II fighter ace. He served on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. He became the first pilot in aviation history to claim 200 aerial victories—that is, 200 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. In about 830 combat missions, he claimed a total of 212 aerial victories, almost all of which were achieved on the Eastern Front.

List of aerial victories claimed

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Graf was credited with 212 aerial victories. He claimed these aerial victories in 830 combat missions, 10 on the Western Front which included six four-engined-bombers and one Mosquito, and 202 on the Eastern Front.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 85 423". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.

Notes

1. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.

References

Citations

1. Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
2. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 21.
3. Zabecki 2014, p. 117.
4. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, pp. 199–216.
5. Spick 2006, p. 210.
6. Weal 2001, p. 83.
7. Weal 2006, p. 33.
8. Planquadrat.
9. Schumann 2005, pp. 43–45.
10. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, pp. 289–295.
11. Weal 2004, p. 62.
12. Weal 2004, p. 69.
13. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 23.
14. Weal 2004, p. 70.
15. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 289.
16. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 72.
17. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 124.
18. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 127.
19. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 130.
20. Bergström 2007, p. 30.
21. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 139.
22. ^ Weal 2004, p. 72.
23. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 135.
24. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 31.
25. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 140.
26. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 136.
27. Weal 2004, p. 126.
28. Weal 2001, p. 93.
29. Bergström 2007, p. 75.
30. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 77.
31. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 32.
32. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 154.
33. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 78.
34. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 149.
35. Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 158.
36. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 80.
37. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 37.
38. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 163.
39. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 154.
40. ^ Weal 2001, p. 55.
41. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 164.
42. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 163.
43. Weal 2004, p. 74.
44. Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 167.
45. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 168.
46. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 81.
47. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 75.
48. Bergström 2007, p. 83.
49. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 168.
50. ^ Weal 2006, p. 49.
51. ^ Weal 1999, p. 55.
52. Weal 2006, p. 68.
53. ^ Weal 2006, p. 69.
54. Weal 2006, p. 67.

Bibliography

• Bergström, Christer (2007). Stalingrad – The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1-857802-76-4.
• Bergström, Christer . "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
• Bergström, Christer ; Mikhailov, Andrey (2001). Black Cross / Red Star Vol 2: Resurgence January – June 1942. Pasifica CA: Pasifica Military History. ISBN 0-935553-51-7.
• Bergström, Christer ; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski—A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
• Bergström, Christer ; Dikov, Andrey; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2006). Black Cross / Red Star Air War Over the Eastern Front, Volume 3, Everything for Stalingrad. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9761034-4-8.
• Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939–1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939–1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
• Schumann, Ralf (2005). Ritterkreuzträger Profile Nr. 3 Hermann Graf — der erste Jagdflieger mit 200 Luftsiegen [Knight's Cross Profiles Nr. 3 Hermann Graf — The first Fighter Pilot with 200 Aerial Victories] (in German). UNITEC-Medienvertrieb. OCLC 819747376. ASIN B003RKGYLY  (21 October 2014).
• Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
• Spick, Mike (2006). Aces of the Reich. London, UK: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-675-6.
• Weal, John (1999). Bf 109F/G/K Aces of the Western Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 29. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-905-8.
• Weal, John (2001). Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 37. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-084-1.
• Weal, John (2004). Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 15. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4.
• Weal, John (2006). Bf 109 Defence of the Reich Aces. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 68. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-879-3.
• Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-980-6.

• German military-related lists
• Lists of World War II aerial victories
• Aviation in World War II