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June 19, 1937: Spanish Nationalist rebels led by General Francisco Franco capture Bilbao after seven-day battle.June 22, 1937: Challenger Joe Louis defeats champion Jim Braddock to win undisputed world heavyweight boxing championship.
The following events occurred in June 1937:
June 1, 1937 (Tuesday)
In newspapers across the U.S., Oldsmobile announced the first automatic transmission available to the public, to be a feature in the 1938 model Oldsmobile Eight. The advertisement offered demonstrations the Automatic-Safety-Transmission at local dealers and boasted "First News of the Most Sensational Transmission Development in 20 years... An Astonishing New Automatic Gear-Shift That Sets a New World Standard of Driving Ease, Performance and Economy... New! Nothing Else Like It in the World!"
Aviator Amelia Earhart andher navigator, Fred Noonan, departed the United States in her Lockheed Model 10 Electra twin-engine airplane to begin her mission to become the first woman to circumnavigate the Earth. Earhart and Noonan took off from Miami at 5:55 in the morning local time toward San Juan, Puerto Rico, leaving the United States for the last time, and landed at 12:30 in the afternoon. By the end of the month, they were in New Guinea at Lae.
Rioting broke out around İskenderun and Antioch after the Syrian parliament refused to ratify the League of Nations' decision to make the İskenderun district autonomous.
Willis Van Devanter, who had served on the U.S. Supreme Court since 1911, retired at the age of 78 after a new law had passed providing for full pay in retirement for any justice who retired after reaching 70.
German War Minister Werner von Blomberg began a three-day visit to Italy to discuss military ties between the two nations.
St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Dizzy Dean was suspended by National League President Ford C. Frick for referring to Frick and umpire George Barr as "the two biggest crooks in baseball today." Dizzy Dean refused to sign a letter of apology and threatened to sue Ford Frick for $250,000, but did issue a "letter of explanation" and was reinstated on June 5. He lost $500 during the course of his suspension.
Died:Louis Vierne, 66, French organist and composer collapsed from a stroke while performing a concert at the Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral. As he was playing the closing section of "Stèle pour un enfant défunt" from his Triptyque Opus 58, Vierne suddenly fell forward, then off of the bench.
American Communist Juliet Stuart Poyntz, who had worked secretly for the Soviet Union as a spy against the U.S., vanished shortly after she severed relations with the Soviets. She was last seen in public as she was leaving her apartment at the American Woman's Association clubhouse at 353 West 57th Street in New York City and was apparently kidnapped while outside her apartment building. Her disappearance was not reported in the press until December 18.
Died:Emilio Mola, 49, Spanish Nationalist commander and one of the four leaders of the military uprising that began the Spanish Civil War, was killed along with five other people when their airplane crashed. Flying in a fog, the Airspeed Envoy struck the side of a mountain near the town of Briviesca. The other three uprising leaders had been José Sanjurjo (who died in a crash in 1936); Manuel Goded (who was captured and executed by the Nationalist government in 1936) and Francisco Franco, who would control Spain for the next 38 years.
June 4, 1937 (Friday)
The first modern shopping cart, invented by supermarket owner Sylvan Goldman, was introduced at the Humpty Dumpty he owned in Oklahoma City. While vertical metal baskets on a frame with wheels had been introduced in some stores in 1933, Goldman's cart was the first of the shape and size that would become the standard that would still be used almost 90 years later.
The Battle of Pochonbo took place in the northern section of Japanese-occupied Korea as a unit of 150 members of the Northeast Counter-Japanese United Army guerrilla group crossed the border from China and attacked a detachment of the Japanese Imperial Army at Pochon-up and briefly occupied the town before being forced to retreat. According to North Korea, the 25-year-old commander of the Sixth Division of the Counter-Japanese guerrillas, Kim Il Sung, led the group into battle and destroyed different Japanese-operated municipal services. Kim would later become the Great Leader of North Korea upon its founding in 1945.
Nazi Germany's Navy, the Kriegsmarine, held its first maneuvers off Heligoland since the island was refortified in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. Only a skeleton fleet participated because so many ships were deployed in Spain.
Died:Helmut Hirsch, 21, German Jew convicted of conspiring in a bombing plot against the government, was executed by guillotine.
June 5, 1937 (Saturday)
War Admiral, who had captured the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness in May, won the Belmont Stakes by three lengths to become only the fourth thoroughbred horse to win the U.S. Triple Crown.
French troops were rushed to the İskenderun region to control the rioting between Arabs and Turks.
Died:John Challen, 72, Welsh cricketer and footballer for the Wales national teams from 1887 to 1890
The Soviet Union inaugurated North Pole-1 (Severnia Polyos-1), the world's first "drifting ice station", beginning operations (including an airstrip) on a floating ice floe located only 12 miles (19 km) from the North Pole.
The Coppa Italia, the premier tournament of Italian soccer football, was won by Genova 1893 (now Genoa CFC) over A. S. Roma, 1 to 0, at the Stadio Comunale Giovanni Berta (now the Stadio Artemio Franchi) in Firenze. finished sixth in the 1936-37 Serie A league and A. S. Roma 10th, while Serie A champion Bologna FC 1909 had been eliminated in the first round.
Born:Yan Shunkai, Chinese comedian, actor and film director; in Shanghai (d.2017)
The last photo of Jean Harlow (pictured with Robert Conway and Clark Gable), taken May 29 during the filming of Saratoga.
Died:Jean Harlow (stage name for Harlean Harlow Carpenter), 26, American actress, died from kidney failure, nine days after having become ill during the filming of a scene in her final movie, Saratoga.
June 8, 1937 (Tuesday)
In London, representatives of Argentina, Australia, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, South Africa, Germany and the United States reached an agreement to stop the dangerous reduction of the world's whale stocks through whaling.
In San Juan, Puerto Rico, an assassination attempt on the life of U.S. District Judge Robert A. Cooper, the day after he had sentenced Pedro Albizu Campos and eight other Puerto Rican nationalists to long terms at the U.S. Penitentiary in Atlanta. The assailants fired at least 12 bullets at Cooper's car as he was driving past them, though neither Cooper nor his bodyguard Francisco Davila were injured.
The German Postal Ministry decreed that all non-Aryans must retire.
A total solar eclipse that had the longest (at more than seven minutes) totality since the year 1098, was visible over the Pacific Ocean. Occurring between 18:04 to 23:17 UTC, it had the distinction of beginning at sunrise on Wednesday, June 9, local time over the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, and ending at sunset on Tuesday, June 8, local time in Peru.
Born:Toni Harper, American child singer; in Los Angeles (d. 2023)
Died:Monroe Owsley, 36, American stage and film actor known for Honor Among Lovers with Claudette Colbert, died of a heart attack.
June 9, 1937 (Wednesday)
The Amateur Rowing Association (ARA) of Great Britain, under criticism for excluding the Australian National Team from the Grand Challenge Cup a year earlier because the crew, all policemen, were excluded from the ARA definition of amateurism because they had been employed for wages, permanently repealed its exclusionary policy. In 1886, the ARA had barred any person "who is or has been by trade or employment for wages a mechanic, artisan or labourer." The Henley Royal Regatta followed suit the next day, as both organizations changed their rules to bar only people who had accepted financial compensation for competing in sport.
The Girl Guides temporarily formed a new chapter, the "1st Buckingham Palace Company", with 20 girls who were children of people who worked at the Royal Household and Palace, including 11-year-old Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King George VI. At the same time, the 14-member Brownie Pack chapter for younger girls, including 6-year-old Princess Margaret.
Carlo Rosselli, 37, the former leader of Italy's Unitary Socialist Party and a critic of Italy's Fascist leader Benito Mussolini, was shot to death along with his brother Nello Rosselli, 36. The gunmen were members of the French fascist group La Cagoule, apparently after being hired by the Mussolini government./ref> The two were visiting the French resort town of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne when they were killed.
Francisco Olazábal, 50, Mexican-American Christian evangelist and faith healer, died eight days after being fatally injured in a car accident.
June 10, 1937 (Thursday)
German-born biochemist Hans Krebs and his colleague William Arthur Johnson first described the citric acid cycle— commonly called the "Krebs cycle" — in a short manuscript sent to Nature, the British weekly scientific journal. The editor of Nature rejected the submission and suggested that he "submit it for early publication to another periodical." Krebs wrote a longer version of his paper which was published two months later by the Dutch journal Enzymologia.
Nazi Germany announced an ambitious 15-year development plan for the city of Hamburg that envisioned the construction of a 60-story skyscraper and a suspension bridge across the Elbe.
Dennis Kincaid, 31, British novelist and civil servant, known for The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire (1936), drowned while swimming in the ocean during a rough sea.
The Battle of Bilbao started in the Spanish Civil War as the Nationalists launched an assault on the city. The attack prompted the evacuation of 1,500 children on the oceean liner Habana, with an escort by the Royal Navy warship HMS Hood to transport "los niños de la guerra" to the United Kingdom. Within seven days, Bilbao would be under Nationalist control.
The Spanish Republicans launched the Huesca Offensive in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to divert the Spanish Nationalists attack on Bilbao.
The body of Henry Clay Torrence of Richmond, California, was recovered on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Torrence was the first person to die by falling from the Golden Gate Bridge after its opening, but whether his death was an accident, suicide or murder is unknown.
The Spanish Nationalists under the command of General Francisco Franco came within 2 miles (3.2 km) of Bilbao, capturing a range of hills east of the city. The Nationalists captured Las Arenas the next day, cutting Bilbao off from the sea.
The Happy Gang, a popular radio show that would run for 22 years on the CBC Radio Network premiered on the radio station CRCT, before moving in October to the other CBC affiliates. The first cast had host Bert Pearl ("that slap-happy chappy, the Happy Gang's Own Pappy"), trumpeter Bob Farnon, violinist Blain Mathé and organist Kay Stokes, the only cast member who would remain with the show during its entire run.
Born:Jørgen Leth, Danish documentary filmmaker and sports commentator; in Aarhus
June 15, 1937 (Tuesday)
An avalanche killed 16 people on a German expedition making an ascent of the Himalayan mountain of Siniolchu in Sikkim, now part of India. The Deutsche Himalaja-Stiftung team, led by Karl Wien, was camping for the night when, at 12:10 in the morning local time, a cornice broke above Wien's camp, burying tents in snow 10 feet (3.0 m) high. Seven German climbers and nine Sherpa guides were crushed to death.
A total reward of $1,500 was ordered by U.S. Attorney General Homer Cummings for members of the Brady Gang of armed robbers, led by Al Brady. The Justice Department offered $500 apiece for any information furnished to the FBI resulting in the apprehension of Brady, James Dalhover or Clarence Lee Shaffer Jr. The Brady gang was traced four months later to Bangor, Maine, where Everett Hurd, owner of Dakin's Sporting Goods Store, had been approached by the gang for the purchase of several Thompson submachine guns and 500 rounds of .30-caliber ammunition. On October 12, 1937, because of Hurd's tip, FBI agents were ready when Brady, Dalhover and Shaffer returned to the store to collect their purchase. Dalhover was captured alive while Brady and Shaffer were killed in a shootout.
Switzerland recognized the Italian conquest of Ethiopia.
Died:William P. Connery Jr., 48, U.S. Representative for Massachusetts since 1923, and chairman of the House Labor Committee, died from food poisoning.
June 16, 1937 (Wednesday)
Spanish Prime Minister Juan Negrín banned the Communist political party POUM (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista or Workers' Party for Marxist Unification). Party Chairman Andreu Nin, who had served as the Justice Minister for Revolutionary Catalonia during its brief existence as an autonomous state within Spain, was arrested along with other leaders. After his arrest, Nin was turned over to Soviet agents within Spain and was not seen in public again.
Germany and Italy rejoined neutral ship patrols around Spain.
Born:
Simeon Sakskoburggotski, who ruled Bulgaria as King Simeon II from 1943 to 1946, and later was elected as Prime Minister to serve from 2001 to 2005; in Sofia
Clodovil Hernandes, Brazilian fashion designer, television host and politician who was the first openly gay member of the Brazilian Congress; in Catanduva, São Paulo (d.2009)
In the Spanish Civil War, the Battle of Bilbao ended with the Nationalists capturing the city. At the same time, the Republicans' Huesca Offensive failed to turn back the Nationalists.
What would later be dubbed the "Women's Day Massacre" occurred in Youngstown, Ohio in fighting between Youngstown police and strikers during the "Little Steel strike". Two people died and 23 were injured over two days of rioting.
The Australian Academy of Art, an attempt by the conservative Australian government to give official endorsement of specific genres of art, was founded at a hotel in Canberra by delegates from Australia's states, led by future prime minister Robert Menzies. The Academy would be dissolved in 1946.
Pennsylvania Governor George H. Earle declared martial law in Johnstown in order to prevent violence at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation's mill at Cambria during an ongoing strike. Earle sent 500 Pennsylvania State Troopers and Highway Patrol to close the mill and evacuate the people inside, then enforce the law within the city. The United Mine Workers voluntarily called off a planned Sunday march of 40,000 miners.
Born:Bak Lung-won, the White Dragon King (Bak Lung-wong), Thailand-born Hong Kong Taoist said to have the power to bless the careers of his clients toward success, including Jackie Chan, Tony Leung and Shu Qi; as Chow Yam-nam, in Pattaya (d.2013)
Yakov Doletsky, 48, Polish-born Soviet journalist who served s the executive director of the Soviet news agency TASS from 1925 to 1937, committed suicide after learning that he was to be arrested as part of Stalin's Great Purge.
All Catholic schools in the Nazi German state of Bavaria were declared abolished by order of the Gauleiter (state premier) Adolf Wagner.
The Geibeltbad Pirna, at the time the largest (2,000 square meters or 21,500 square feet) outdoor swimming pool in the world, opened near Dresden, Germany. The Geibeltbad had a capacity for as many as 2,500 people.
Died:Henny Magnussen, 58, the first woman barrister in Denmark, died from heart disease.
June 21, 1937 (Monday)
Léon Blum resigned as Prime Minister of France when the Senate refused to give him special powers to deal with the country's financial crisis.
The Wimbledon tennis tournament was televised for the first time, as BBC Television commentator Freddie Grisewood gave commentary on the opening matches for the few people in London who had a television set. Using three television vans to supply the equipment, the BBC was able to show a live event outside of its studios for the first time. For 25 minutes, Grisewood spoke as viewers saw parts of two opening matches, starting with Bunny Austin of England against George Lyttleton Rogers of Ireland, followed by Jack Crawford of Australia against Roderich Menzel of Czechoslovakia. Crawford and Austin won their matches and advanced to the second round.
Ohio Governor Martin L. Davey ordered 4,500 National Guardsmen to Youngstown to stop rioting during the Little Steel strike against Republic Steel.
Died:Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, 36, Malagasy author and Africa's first modern poet, committed suicide by swallowing pottasium cyanide.
June 23, 1937 (Wednesday)
Hitler sent the strongest units of the Kriegsmarine toward Valencia for a "demonstration" after dropping out of the international neutral ship patrol for the second time, since Britain and France refused to allow Germany to secure satisfaction for an alleged Spanish submarine attack on the cruiser Leipzig. The government of the Second Spanish Republic warned that it would fight back if any power shelled a city within the Republic.
Paul Robeson made an important speech on the Spanish Civil War at the Royal Albert Hall in London during a benefit to raise funds for Basque refugee children. "There is no standing above the conflict on Olympian heights. There are no impartial observers", Robeson said. "The liberation of Spain from the oppression of fascist reactionaries is not a private matter of the Spaniards, but the common cause of all advanced and progressive humanity."the new Liechtenstein flag
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The 8th Imperial Conference, which had opened on May 14 with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom hosting the Prime Ministers of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia, the Secretary of State for India and the Chief Minister of Burma.
The Principality of Liechtenstein added a crown to its national flag so that it would no longer be identical to the flag of Haiti, remedying a problem that had gone unnoticed until both nations had participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Neville Chamberlain made his first major foreign policy speech as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the British House of Commons, advising against overly criticizing Germany's involvement in the Spanish Civil War because of the danger of a larger European war. "There are sometimes conditions to be found when an incautious move or even a sudden loud exclamation may start an avalanche," he said, adding "That is just the condition in which we are finding ourselves to-day. I believe, although the snow may be perilously poised it has not yet begun to move, and if we can all exercise caution, patience and self-restraint we may yet be able to save the peace of Europe."
The eleventh annual English Greyhound Derby was held at a track at the track at London's White City Stadium. It was won by Wattle Bark, who set a new record for fastest speed by running the 500 yards (460 m) in 29.26 seconds.
Martin Niemöller gave what would be his last sermon in Nazi Germany, stating, "No more are we ready to keep silent at man's behest when God commands us to speak. For it is, and must remain, the case that we must obey God rather than man."
Harold Heygate, 52, English cricketer best known for the 1919 "Heygate Incident" where he was a spectator recruited to play for Sussex in a first-cricket game
June 28, 1937 (Monday)
The Soviet Communist Party's Politburo issue a decree directing the creation of a three-member panel to determine which political prisoners in West Siberia should be executed as part of the Great Purge. The NKVD Order No. 00447 decree, titled "Regarding operations to repress former kulaks, criminals, and other anti-Soviet elements" was issued by NKVD Director Nikolai Yezhov on July 30, 1937.. Robert Eikhe, a candidate member of the Communist Party's ruling Politburo, was appointed as the Party's representative with Sergei Mironov to make final aproval over which of 26,000 defendants would be marked for execution.
The new French Finance Minister Georges Bonnet addressed the country's financial crisis by closing the stock market and suspending all commercial payments in gold and foreign currencies until further notice.
Béla Kun, who had founded the Communist Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 and served as its first leader, was arrested by the NKVD after being denounced as Trotskyite with anti-Soviet objectives. He would be executed in prison on August 29, 1938.
The Soviet Union executed and additional 36 people who were convicted of espionage during the Great Purge..
Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had separate meetings with Hermann Göring and Adolf Hitler in Berlin. Mackenzie King's diary entry that day described Hitler as "a man of deep sincerity and a genuine patriot."
The Lewiston–Auburn shoe strike, which had started on March 25, ended after three months without concessions to the strikers.
The first emergency telephone number in the world, 999 was inaugurated by the United Kingdom. While dialing the operator was a means of reaching help for an emergency, the 999 signal activated a buzzer and a red light at the switchboard to get immediate attention. The U.S. 911 system would not be inaugurated until more than 30 years later in 1968.
Germany's Reichsminister of Church Affairs, Hanns Kerrl, decreed that the government would control all funds of Protestant churches. Thereafter, ministry officials oversaw all aspects of the churches' financial activities, from revenues collected during church services, and their expenditures including ministers' salaries.
The record for highest altitude by a human being was broken as RAF Flight Lieutenant M.J. Adam reached 53,937 feet (16,440 m) flying a Bristol Type 138 over the United Kingdom.
Portugal ceased cooperation with the Non-Intervention Committee patrol agreement, and ordered British observers off its soil.
"Noted Woman Red-Laborite Vanishes Here", Daily News (New York), December 18, 1937, p.3
"Woman Communist Missing 7 Months; Disappearance of Miss Poyntz Made Known as Robinson Clue Is Sought Here", The New York Times, December 18, 1937, p.10
"General Mola, Second Fascist Chief in Spain, Killed in Plane Crash— Ship Hits Basque Mountain in Thick Fog; Four Die with Him", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 3, 1937, p.1
"War Admiral Easily Wins Belmont Cup— Riddle Colt Is Fourth 3-Year-Old To Wear Triple Crown", AP story by Alan Gould, The Sunday Sun (Baltimore), June 6, 1937, p.1
"Births, Marriages, Deaths". North Devon Journal. Barnstaple. 17 June 1937. p. 8 – via British Newspaper Archive.
"HOT LAVA STREAMS TAKE TOLL OF 500— Guinea Volcano Erupts", Edmonton Bulletin, June 7, 1937, p.1
"Hitler Bestows Highest Medal on Friend Duce". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 8, 1937. p. 15.
Edwin Schallert (June 8, 1937). "Jean Harlow, Screen Star, Dies After Spectacular Rise to Fame— Week's Illness Fatal in Valiant Fight to Live". Los Angeles Times. p. I-1.
"Murder of Italians Was 'Political'— Death of Anti-Fascist Exile Linked With the Matteotti Assassination", Evening Standard (London), June 12, 1937, p.4
Espinosa, Gaston (1999). ""El Azteca": Francisco Olazábal and Latino Pentecostal Charisma, Power, and Faith Healing in the Borderlands". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 67: 597–616. doi:10.1093/jaarel/67.3.597. JSTOR1466209.
"The Case of the So-Called 'Anti-Soviet Trotskyite Military Organization' in the Red Army," Political Archives of the Soviet Union, vol. 1, No. 3., 1990
Jackson, Gabriel (1965). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. p. 384.
Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. 2006. pages 347 and 429
"Germany and Italy Rejoin Neutrals' Ship Patrol Around Spain". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 17, 1937. p. 4.
Jeanne Varnell; M. L. Hanson (1999). Women of consequence: Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books. pp. 246–52. ISBN9781555662141.
Gibbons, Tony (1983). The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of All the World's Capital Ships From 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books Ltd. p. 195. ISBN978-0-86101-142-1..
"Warship Blast Kills 50 Sailors; Spanish Still Unable To Explain Explosion", The Miami Herald, June 20, 1937, p.12
Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 87. ISBN978-0-7864-6062-5.
Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal (Fall 2013). "Arsenio Rodríguez" (PDF). Encyclopedic Discography of Cuban Music 1925–1960. Florida International University Libraries. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor, Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor, United States Senate, Seventy-sixth Congress, Third Session, Pursuant to S. Res. 266 · Volumes 42-47 (U.S. Congress, 1937) p.13969
"Academy of Art Formed at Canberra. Royal Charter Sought". Sydney Morning Herald. 21 June 1937. p. 10.
"Troops Close Johnstown Mill; Lewis Cancels Miners' March", by Robert Lytle, The Pittsburgh Press, June 20, 1937, p.1
Ward, Arch (June 23, 1937). "Louis Wins Title: Knockout". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^ Cortada, James W., ed. (1982). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 508. ISBN0-313-22054-9.
Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1993). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931–1940. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 2368–2369. ISBN0-520-07908-6.
Dack, Barrie (1990). Greyhound Derby, the first 60 years. Ringpress Books. pp. 74–75. ISBN0-948955-36-8.
"Mary Pickford Wed to Rogers in Simple Rites". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 27, 1937. p. 1.
Thomsett, Michael C. (1997). The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 63. ISBN978-0-7864-0372-1.
"Death of Mr. H. J. Heygate; An Old Sussex County Cricketer", The Surrey Advertiser and County Times (Guildford, Surrey), July 3, 1937, p.18
Ellman, Michael (2010). "Regional influences on the Formulation and Implementation of NKVD Order 00447". Europe-Asia Studies. 62 (6): 915–931. doi:10.1080/09668136.2010.489254. S2CID154026107.
J. Arch Getty, and Oleg V. Naumov (1999). The Road to Terror, Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. New Haven: Yale U.P. p. 469. ISBN0-300-07772-6.
Small, Alex (June 29, 1937). "Crisis as Paris Stops Gold". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
György Borsányi, The Life of a Communist Revolutionary: Béla Kun. Mario D. Fenyo, trans. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs/Atlantic Research and Publications, 1993; pg. 1.
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June 22, 1937: Challenger Joe Louis defeats champion Jim Braddock to win undisputed world heavyweight boxing championship.
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June 22, 1937: Chautemps replaces Blum as French Prime Minister.
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