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Revision as of 22:13, 6 August 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - added verified revid - updated 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'KEGG_Ref') per Chem/Drugbox validation (report [[Wikipedia_talk:Wi← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 21:29, 21 December 2024 edit undo2a00:23c5:fe1c:3701:bdd1:da58:8648:f193 (talk) →Discovery: "rapidly called" doesn't make sense
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			{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
	{{distinguish|Barium sulfate}}		{{distinguish|Barium sulfate}}
	{{chembox		{{chembox
			| Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 443413141		| verifiedrevid = 443414470
	| ImageFile = NaCl polyhedra.png		| ImageFile = NaCl polyhedra.png
	| ImageSize =
	| IUPACName =		| ImageSize =
	| OtherNames =		| IUPACName =
			| OtherNames =
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers		| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
	| InChI = 1/Ba.S/q+2;-2		| InChI = 1/Ba.S/q+2;-2
	| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}		| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
	| ChEBI = 32590		| ChEBI = 32590
Line 17:		Line 19:
	| StdInChIKey = CJDPJFRMHVXWPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N		| StdInChIKey = CJDPJFRMHVXWPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| CASNo = 21109-95-5		| CASNo = 21109-95-5
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| PubChem = 6857597		| PubChem = 6857597
	| EINECS = 244-214-4		| EINECS = 244-214-4
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}		| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID=5256933		| ChemSpiderID =5256933
			| UNII = TV3U2GEW4H
			| Gmelin = 13627
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
	| Formula = BaS		| Formula =
	| MolarMass = 169.39 g/mol		| Ba=1 | S=1
			| MolarMass = 169.39 g/mol
	| Appearance =		| Appearance = white solid
	| Density = 4.25 g/cm<sup>3</sup> <ref>{{RubberBible87th}}</ref>		| Density = 4.25 g/cm<sup>3</sup> <ref>{{RubberBible87th}}</ref>
			| MeltingPtC = 2235<ref name=Stinn2017>Stinn, C., Nose, K., Okabe, T. et al. Metall and Materi Trans B (2017) 48: 2922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-1107-5 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101061122/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11663-017-1107-5 |date=2024-01-01 }}</ref>
	| MeltingPt = 1200 °C
			| MeltingPt_notes =
	| BoilingPt = decomposes		| BoilingPt = decomposes
	| Solubility = 2.88 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (0 °C) <br> 7.68 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C) <br> 60.3 g/100 mL (100 °C)		| Solubility = 2.88 g/100 mL (0 °C) <br> 7.68 g/100 mL (20 °C) <br> 60.3 g/100 mL (100 °C) (reacts)
	| SolubleOther = insoluble in alcohol		| SolubleOther = insoluble in alcohol
	| RefractIndex = 2.155		| RefractIndex = 2.155
	}}		}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure		| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
	| CrystalStruct = ] (cubic), ]		| CrystalStruct = ] (cubic), ]
	| SpaceGroup = Fm<u style="text-decoration:overline">3</u>m, No. 225		| SpaceGroup = Fm<u style="text-decoration:overline">3</u>m, No. 225
	| Coordination = Octahedral (Ba<sup>2+</sup>); octahedral (S<sup>2–</sup>)		| Coordination = Octahedral (Ba<sup>2+</sup>); octahedral (S<sup>2−</sup>)
	| LattConst_a =		| LattConst_a =
	}}		}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
			| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS09}}
	| EUClass = Harmful ('''Xn''')<br/>Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
			| GHSSignalWord = Warning
	| EUIndex = 016-002-00-X
	| RPhrases = {{R20/22}}, {{R31}}, {{R50}}		| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|315|319|335|400}}
			| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|264|271|273|280|302+352|304+340|305+351+338|312|321|332+313|337+313|362|391|403+233|405|501}}
	| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S28}}, {{S61}}
			| LD50=226 mg/kg humans
⚫	| NFPA-H = 2
	| NFPA-F = 3		| NFPA-H = 2
	| NFPA-R = 0		| NFPA-F = 3
		⚫	| NFPA-R = 2
⚫	}}
⚫	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
	| OtherAnions = ]
⚫	| OtherCations = ]<br/>]<br/>]
	| OtherFunctn =
	| Function =
	| OtherCpds =
	}}		}}
		⚫	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
			| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]
		⚫	| OtherCations = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br>]
			| OtherFunction =
			| OtherFunction_label =
			| OtherCompounds =
		⚫	}}
	}}		}}
	'''Barium sulfide''' is the ] with the formula ]]. BaS is an important precursor to other barium compounds including BaCO<sub>3</sub> and the pigment ], ZnS/BaSO<sub>4</sub>.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref> Like other ]s of the alkaline earth metals, BaS is a short ] emitters for ]s.<ref>Vij, D. R.; Singh, N. "Optical and electrical properties of II-VI wide gap semiconducting barium sulfide" '']'' (1992), 1523 (Conf. Phys. Technol. Semicond. Devices Integr. Circuits, 1992), 608-12.</ref> It is colorless, although like many sulfides, it is commonly obtained in impure colored forms.		'''Barium sulfide''' is the ] with the formula ]]. BaS is the barium compound produced on the largest scale.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|paage=678}}</ref> It is an important precursor to other barium compounds including BaCO<sub>3</sub> and the pigment ], ZnS/BaSO<sub>4</sub>.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}.</ref> Like other ]s of the alkaline earth metals, BaS is a short ] emitter for ]s.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Vij|first1=D. R.|last2=Singh|first2= N. |title=Optical and electrical properties of II-VI wide gap semiconducting barium sulfide|journal=] |year=1992|volume=1523 |conference=Conf. Phys. Technol. Semicond. Devices Integr. Circuits, 1992|pages= 608–612|doi=10.1117/12.634082|bibcode=1992SPIE.1523..608V}}</ref> It is colorless, although like many sulfides, it is commonly obtained in impure colored forms.
	==Discovery, production, properties==		==Discovery==
	The BaS was prepared by Vincentius (or Vincentinus) Casciarolus (or Casciorolus, 1571-1624) via reduction of ] (available as the mineral ]).<ref>F. Licetus, Litheosphorus, sive de lapide Bononiensi lucem in se conceptam ab ambiente claro mox in tenebris mire conservante, Utini, ex typ. N. Schiratti, 1640. See http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_21.htm</ref>		BaS was prepared by the Italian alchemist Vincenzo Cascariolo (also known as Vincentius or Vincentinus Casciarolus or Casciorolus, 1571–1624) via the thermo-chemical reduction of ] (available as the mineral ]).<ref>F. Licetus, Litheosphorus, sive de lapide Bononiensi lucem in se conceptam ab ambiente claro mox in tenebris mire conservante, Utini, ex typ. N. Schiratti, 1640. See http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_21.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813075857/http://www1.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_21.htm |date=2011-08-13 }}</ref> It is currently manufactured by an improved version of Cascariolo's process using ] in place of flour and ]. This kind of conversion is called a ]:
	It is currently manufactured by an improved version of Casciarolus's route using coke in place of flour. This kind of conversion is called a ]:
	:BaSO<sub>4</sub> + 2 C → BaS + 2 CO<sub>2</sub>
			:{{chem2|BaSO4 + 2C → BaS + 2CO2}}
	The phosphorescence of the substance made the material a curiosity and various alchemists and chemists made experiments with the material which was known as ''Lapis Boloniensis'', ''Chrysolapis'' or ''bologna stone''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.zeno.org/Lemery-1721/A/Lapis+Boloniensis | title = Lapis Boloniensis| publisher = www.zeno.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://books.google.de/books?id=K25AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA458#v=onepage&q&f=false | title =Trait℗e universel des drogues simples | author1 = Lemery, Nicolas | year = 1714 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://books.google.de/books?id=jAYAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA411| title =Recreations in mathematics and natural philosophy .. | author1 = Ozanam, Jacques | author2 = Montucla, Jean Etienne | author3 = Hutton, Charles | year = 1814 }}</ref>
			and also:
			:{{chem2|BaSO4 + 4C → BaS + 4CO}}
			The basic method remains in use today. BaS dissolves in water. These aqueous solutions, when treated with ] or ], give a white solid of ], a source material for many commercial barium compounds.<ref name=Ull>{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a03_325.pub2|title=Barium and Barium Compounds|year=2007|last1=Kresse|first1=Robert|last2=Baudis|first2=Ulrich|last3=Jäger|first3=Paul|last4=Riechers|first4=H. Hermann|last5=Wagner|first5=Heinz|last6=Winkler|first6=Jochen|last7=Wolf|first7=Hans Uwe|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref>
	] showed that ] and ] were not very suitable for the production of the ''bologna stone'', but a special heavy fluorspar, in the end he concluded that ] is the material from which the ''bologna stone'' is made.<ref>{{cite book | url =http://books.google.de/books?id=Obc5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA113 | title =Chymische Schriften | author1 =Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund | year =1767}}</ref>
			According to Harvey (1957),<ref name="Harvey_1957">Harvey E. Newton (1957). A History of Luminescence: From the Earliest Times until 1900. Memoirs of the American Physical Society, Philadelphia, J. H. FURST Company, Baltimore, Maryland (USA), Vol. 44, Chapter 1, pp. 11-43.</ref> in 1603, Vincenzo Cascariolo used ], found at the bottom of Mount Paterno near ], in one of his non-fruitful attempts to produce ]. After grinding and heating the mineral with charcoal under reducing conditions, he obtained a persistent ] material that soon came to be known as ''Lapis Boloniensis'', or Bolognian stone.<ref name="Smet_2010">{{cite journal|last1=Smet|first1=Philippe F.|last2=Moreels|first2=Iwan|last3=Hens|first3=Zeger|last4=Poelman|first4=Dirk|title=Luminescence in Sulfides: A Rich History and a Bright Future|journal=Materials|volume=3|issue=4|year=2010|pages=2834–2883|issn=1996-1944|doi=10.3390/ma3042834|bibcode=2010Mate....3.2834S|doi-access=free|hdl=1854/LU-1243707|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hardev_2014">{{Cite web |title=History of Luminescence from Ancient to Modern Times |author=Hardev Singh Virk |work=ResearchGate |date=2014 |access-date=6 March 2021 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259713568}}</ref> The ] of the material obtained by Casciarolo made it a curiosity.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.zeno.org/Lemery-1721/A/Lapis+Boloniensis| title = Lapis Boloniensis| publisher = www.zeno.org| access-date = 2011-01-03| archive-date = 2012-10-23| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023034505/http://www.zeno.org/Lemery-1721/A/Lapis+Boloniensis| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K25AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA458 | title =Trait℗e universel des drogues simples | author1 = Lemery, Nicolas | year = 1714 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jAYAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA411| title =Recreations in mathematics and natural philosophy .. | author1 = Ozanam, Jacques | author2 = Montucla, Jean Etienne | author3 = Hutton, Charles | year = 1814 }}</ref>
⚫	BaS crystallizes with the NaCl structure, featuring octahedral Ba<sup>2+</sup> and S<sup>2-</sup> centres.
			==Preparation==
			A modern procedure proceeds from barium carbonate:<ref name=Brauer>{{cite book|author1=P. Ehrlich|chapter=Alkaline Earth Metals|title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. |editor=G. Brauer|publisher=Academic Press|year=1963|place=NY, NY|volume=2pages=937}}</ref>
			:{{chem2|BaCO3 + H2S -> BaS + H2O + CO2}}
		⚫	BaS crystallizes with the ], featuring octahedral Ba<sup>2+</sup> and S<sup>2−</sup> centres.
			The observed ] of barium sulfide is highly sensitive to impurities.<ref name=Stinn2017 />
	==Safety==		==Safety==
	BaS is quite poisonous, as are related sulfides, such as CaS, which evolve toxic ] upon contact with water. The particular problem with BaS is that its name resembles that of barium sulfate, an insoluble, non-toxic material given in large doses to some medical patients. Switching BaS for BaSO<sub>4</sub> is lethal.		BaS is quite poisonous, as are related sulfides, such as CaS, which evolve toxic ] upon contact with water.
	==References==		==References==
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	{{Barium compounds}}		{{Barium compounds}}
			{{Sulfides}}
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